Eat or be eaten: factors that determine nutritional condition of Engraulis anchoita larvae from patagonian population of the species. The Patagonian population of Engraulis anchoita inhabits the coastal sector comprised between 42° and 46° S. Its spawning and rearing areas are associated with the tidal frontal system of Peninsula Valdés, which forms in late spring and breaks during early autumn. Oceanographic frontal conditions can enhance primary production and zooplankton biomass, representing an enriched food source for fsh larvae. Larval nutritional condition was estimated using three indices: Fulton's Condition Index, RNA/DNA ratio and growth performance. Two oceanographic sections were compared, one in which the presence of the frontal system was observed and another devoid of such effect. Condition indices refected an enhanced nutritional condition of anchovy larvae in the section where the front persisted. Generalized linear models were applied to determine the effect of environmental variables on larval condition. RNA/DNA ratio was considered as the dependent variable, whereas surface chlorophyll concentration, copepod nauplii abundance, jellyfsh volume and larval standard length were used as predictors. In general, the nutritional condition improved with the abundance of copepod nauplii, potential food source for the anchovy larvae. In contrast, the RNA/DNA ratio decreased with the increase of jellyfsh abundance, suggesting that, in the study area, these organisms might act as competitors of anchovy larvae.

La población patagónica de Engraulis anchoita habita el sector costero comprendido entre los 42° y 46° S. Sus áreas de desove y cría se asocian al frente de marea de Península Valdés, que se forma a fnes de la primavera y desaparece a principios de otoño. Las condiciones oceanográfcas del frente generan una alta productividad primaria y elevada biomasa del zooplancton asociado, potencial alimento para larvas de peces. Se estimó la condición nutricional de larvas de anchoíta por medio de tres índices: el Factor de Condición de Fulton, la relación ARN/ADN y la performance de crecimiento. Se compararon dos secciones oceanográfcas: una en la que se detectó la presencia del frente de marea y otra sin ese efecto. Los resultados de los índices evidenciaron una condición nutricional mejor en las larvas de anchoíta en la sección oceanográfca con persistencia del frente de marea. Para determinar las variables ambientales que infuencian la condición larval de E. anchoita se realizó un estudio aplicando Modelos Lineales Generalizados, empleando el índice ARN/ADN como variable dependiente y la clorofla superfcial, la abundancia de nauplii, el volumen de plancton gelatinoso y el largo estándar de las larvas como variables explicativas. Se observó una mejora de la condición nutricional con el incremento de la abundancia de nauplii de copépodos, alimento potencial de las larvas. En cambio, el índice ARN/ADN disminuyó con la abundancia de plancton gelatinoso, lo cual sugiere que en la zona estudiada, estos organismos competirían con las larvas de E. anchoita.

Abstract: The aim of this study is to analyze the annual zooplankton succession at a coastal station in Patagonia (Argentina), with special emphasis on copepods and their potential preys, using solar radiation and temperature as environmental factors. The annual plankton cycle exhibited autumn/winter and spring/summer phases. During the autumn/winter phase, low temperature and radiation were correlated with higher diatom abundance and copepod diversity. This period was characterized by a dominant classical herbivorous food web in which the large copepod Calanoides carinatus dominated the community. On the contrary, during the spring/summer period, with high radiation and temperature levels, flagellates were the dominant food available for zooplankton and correlated with smaller species of copepods such as the harpacticoid Euterpina acutifrons. Also, intensive reproduction of the small copepods E. acutifrons and Paracalanusparvus occurred mainly in summer. On the other hand, high species diversity was found in winter when the ultraviolet radiation was low. The temporal pattern of the copepods observed in our study was explained by food availability and environmental factors (temperature and solar radiation), although other factors such as predator abundance may also be important in modulating the community. Our results show the importance of copepod abundance dynamics and highlights their key role in the pelagic food web in northern Patagonian coastal waters.

Resumen: El objetivo de este estudio es analizar la sucesión anual del zooplancton en una estación costera en la Patagonia (Argentina), con especial énfasis en copépodos y sus posibles presas, en relación con la radiación solar y la temperatura como factores ambientales. El ciclo anual del plancton mostró dos periodos, otoño/invierno y primavera/verano. Durante el periodo otoño/invierno, la baja temperatura y la radiación se correlacionaron con la mayor abundancia de diatomeas y la mayor diversidad de copépodos. Este periodo se caracterizó por la dominancia de la cadena clásica herbívora, y el copépodo grande Calanoides carinatus dominó la comunidad. Por el contrario, durante el periodo de primavera/verano, con alta radiación y mayores niveles de temperatura, los flagelados fueron el alimento disponible para el zooplancton y se correlacionaron con las especies pequeñas de copépodos como el harpacticoideo Euterpina acutifrons. Además, la reproducción intensiva de los copépodos pequeños E. acutifrons y Paracalanus parvus se llevó a cabo principalmente en verano. Por otro lado, se encontró una alta diversidad de especies en invierno, cuando la radiación ultravioleta fue baja. El patrón temporal de los copépodos observado en nuestro estudio fue explicado por la disponibilidad de alimento y los factores ambientales (temperatura y radiación solar), aunque otros factores tales como la abundancia de los depredadores pueden ser también importantes en la modulación de la comunidad. Nuestros resultados muestran la importancia de la dinámica de la abundancia de copépodos y destaca su papel clave en las cadenas tróficas pelágicas de las aguas costeras de la Patagonia norte.

Many marine species spend part of their development in upper layers of the water column, where they may be exposed to solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR). For many of these species, light is one of the key environmental clues which triggers behaviorally-mediated adjustments in vertical distribution. We incubated planktonic larvae of the crab Cyrtograpsus altimanus in column-like aquaria to study their responses with/without UVR (under a solar simulator) and with/without a potential prey (the dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense). Their vertical distribution was recorded and used to evaluate the combined effects of UVR and the presence of the dinoflagellate on larval behavior. When UVR was absent, most larvae showed a tendency to swim upwards and to aggregate near the surface, regardless of the dinoflagellate presence. However, UVR inhibited this tendency and induced a repellent effect, which resulted in a more homogeneous vertical distribution of larvae. A. tamarense did not affect the vertical distribution of larvae. These results suggest that UVR-triggered, quick adjustments in vertical distribution might be an important strategy for C. altimanus larvae to cope with high solar radiation, which typically occur during the hatching season.

Muchas especies marinas pasan parte de su ciclo vital en las capas superficiales de la columna de agua, donde pueden estar expuestas a radiación ultravioleta (RUV). En muchos casos la luz constituye el factor ambiental que provoca ajustes del comportamiento en la distribución vertical. Se incubaron larvas planctónicas del cangrejo Cyrtograpsus altimanus en acuarios verticales para estudiar sus respuestas con/sin RUV y con/sin una potencial presa (el dinoflagelado Alexandrium tamarense). La distribución vertical de los plancteres fue registrada y se usó para evaluar el efecto combinado de la RUV y la presencia del dinoflagelado en el comportamiento larval. Cuando la RUV estaba ausente, las larvas de C. altimanus tendieron a nadar hacia arriba y agregarse cerca de la superficie, independientemente de la presencia del dinoflagelado. Sin embargo, la RUV inhibió esta tendencia e indujo un efecto repelente que llevó a una distribución vertical de larvas mucho más homogénea. Las larvas no parecieron ser afectadas en ningún caso por la presencia de A. tamarense. Los resultados sugieren que C. altimanus podría ajustar rápidamente su distribución vertical en respuesta a RUV, lo cual sería una estrategia importante para hacer frente a los altos niveles de radiación solar que típicamente ocurren durante sus primeros estadios de desarrollo.

Entre os tunicados, as pequenas apendiculárias planctônicas geralmente compreendem uma fração significativa do mesozooplâncton nos sistemas frontais. Foi estudada a distribuição (vertical e espacial) durante o verão de 2011 de Oikopleura dioica, em termos de abundância, biomassa, estimativa da produção de ovos e estrutura da população em diferentes setores da frente costeiro de El Rincón, segundo os gradientes de temperatura e salinidade. Picos de abundância de larvas de Engraulis anchoita foram comparados com os padrões de O. dioica. As amostras foram coletadas com redes planctônicas de 67 e 200 µm em duas profundidades, acima e abaixo da termoclina. Também foram registrados perfis de dados obtidos com CTD. Durante essa campanha, aguas de alta salinidade foram predominantes na área estuarina. No entanto, foi encontrada uma estratificação térmica, sendo mais acentuado nas estações externas da frente, onde as maiores densidades e biomassa de O. dioica foram registradas, coincidindo também com as maiores densidades de larvas de E. anchoita. A distribuição de tamanhos de O. dioica também foi associada ao gradiente térmico. Os menores tamanhos foram encontrados na região mais homogênea da costa, onde a temperatura apresentou cerca de 22ºC. Essa frente é um ambiente propício para a reprodução de O. dioica o que favorece também o aumento da sobrevivência e o crescimento de muitas espécies de pequenos peixes pelágicos, tais como E. anchoita.

Among tunicates, the small planktonic appendicularians generally comprise a significant fraction of the mesozooplankton in frontal systems. The summer 2011 distribution (vertical and spatial) of Oikopleura dioica was studied in terms of abundance, biomass, estimation of egg production and population structure in the different sectors of the El Rincón coastal front, in the light of thermal and salinity gradients. Peaks of abundance of Engraulis anchoita larvae were compared to O. dioica patterns. Samples were collected with plankton nets of 67 µm and 200 µm at two layers, below and above the thermocline depth. CTD data profiles were also recorded. During this campaign high salinity waters were predominant in the estuarine area. Conversely, a thermal stratification was found, being more marked at the external stations of the front where the highest densities and biomass of O. dioica coincided with the highest E. anchoita larvae densities. The size structure of O. dioica was also associated with the thermal gradient. The smaller sizes were found in the homogeneous area at the coast where the temperature was higher around 22ºC. This front constitutes a suitable environment for O. dioica reproduction enhancing the survival rate and growth of several small pelagic fishes such as E. anchoita.